The Theory Of Attachment Theory - 1683 Words

Attachment According to attachment theory, quality attachment relationships have the ability to teach infants and children to tolerate states of arousal, explore the surrounding environment, and manage emotions in developmentally appropriate ways (source). An infant’s ability to survival and development is dependent on a suitable caregiver. This theory suggests that attachment behaviors are biologically based, as the cry of an infant is a signal to the attachment figure to respond to the infant. Attachment experiences are significant for the development of a variety of skills and capacities, including social competence, problem-solving, motivation, capacity for empathy, the ability to form friendships, and the ability to rely on other adults when necessary (source). Internalized working model is a concept of attachment theory. An internalized working model refers to a child’s inner representation of attachment experience and interaction with the attachment figure. If t he child had a responsive caregiver their internalized working model will provide them with a sense of self as lovable and worthy. If the child had an unresponsive caregiver then their internalized working model may provide them with a sense of self as being unlovable or unworthy (source). In addition, attachment theory also provides attachment classifications based on the attunement and responsiveness of the dyadic relationship between the caregiver and infant. The client’s attachment is shaped by hisShow MoreRelatedAttachment Theory And Attachment Theories1053 Words   |  5 Pages To begin with attachment theory, first everyone should understand what the attachment is. According to attachment means bonding between a child and caregiver or vice versa. The attachment theory is the theory that describes the long term interpersonal relationship between the humans. Also, it can be defined as the strong bond between parent and child, and later in peer and romantic re lationship (Metzger, Erdman, Ng 85). It generates a specific fact that how the humans react in relationshipsRead MoreThe Theory Of Attachment Theory795 Words   |  4 Pages The theory from chapter 1 that I chose was attachment theory. Attachment theory, coined by John Bowlby, is a concept in developmental psychology that concerns the importance of attachment in regards to personal development. It states that the ability for an individual to form an emotional and physical attachment to another person gives a sense of stability and the means necessary to take risks, branch out, and grow and develop as a personality. One of Bowlby’s main points in attachment theoryRead MoreThe Theory Of Attachment Theory1426 Words   |  6 PagesJohn Bowlby’s Attachment theory is relevant to serial murderers since it looks at the child’s early life experiences, focusing on the bond between the mother and child (Bretherton, 1992). It argues that a break in the bond will lead the child to a life of crime and delinquency. In this paper we will discuss two points. The first point is discussing Aileen’s Wuornos life from childhood to adulthood and t he second point is explaining how her life is relevant to Bowlby’s Attachment Theory. We will finallyRead MoreThe Theory Of Attachment Theory1607 Words   |  7 PagesAttachment theory is accepted by most psychologists and psychiatrists as the best explanation for how we develop the capacity to form relationships with others and relate to our environment. It asserts that the methods we use to relate to others, manage our needs, express our demands, and shape our expectations for the world are rooted in our relationships with our early caregivers. Through these interactions we learn to balance our feelings and need states with others and to establish our varyingRead MoreThe Theory Of Attachment Theory Essay1847 Words   |  8 PagesThe concept of attachment was first introduced by John Bowlby (1969), who emphasizes the importance of mother-child relationship when he was studying children who had been separated from their mothers. Attachment is the close, enduring emotional b ond to parents or other caregivers, and it is necessary for normal social and emotional development. Mary Ainsworth expanded Bowlby’s attachment theory by devising the â€Å"Strange Situation† method to observe children’ behavior during episodes of repeated separationRead MoreThe Theory Of Attachment Theory1281 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction Attachment theory centers around relationships and bonds formed between people. It generally focuses on long term relationships such as parents or caregivers and children. The theme of the theory is that if the primary caregiver is responsive to a child’s needs, then he or she will develop a sense of security. If a parent or caregiver does not provide this, a child will have trouble attaching and forming relationships in the future. There are theorists who have explored and researchedRead MoreThe Theory Of Attachment Theory Essay1224 Words   |  5 PagesB1/A2/A*1-John Bowlby’s attachment theory is a positive aspect to this transition as the child are likely to gain secure attachments with their key worker which enables them to work closely with each other, this then allows the child to be more comfortable with any support they receive throughout the process, however the child may become too attached to their key worker and may face issues later when the times comes f or them to separate therefore it is important for children to spend time with otherRead MoreThe Theory Of The Attachment Theory1362 Words   |  6 Pageshardwired to attach to their mothers and/or caregivers in order to fulfill this basic need. This instinctual need for attention and security was originally studied by John Bowlby in his creation of the â€Å"Attachment Theory†. Expanding from infancy to the entirety of a human life, one may see the Attachment Theory and importance of interaction in early development as a reinforcement to Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs—which states that social engagement and sense of security are necessary in order to progress towardsRead MoreThe Theory Of Attachment Theory1510 Words   |  7 PagesAttachment theory was advanced in 1951 by British psychoanalyst and psychiatrist John Bowlby. According to this theory infants have an inborn need to be close to their main caretaker. If the attachment is deprived from an infant Bowlby argued that the infant could suffer from negative impacts on their development. This could possibly imply that children places in early daycare will later in life suffer consequences for this. The basis of attachment theory can be linked to Sigmung Freud s (1926)Read MoreThe Theory Of Attachment Theory1421 Words   |  6 Pages There are a lot of close relationship theory that are studied in social psychology but one of the main theory is attachment theory. This theory not only provides a framework for understanding emotional reactions in infants but also in love, loneliness, and grief in adults. In adults there are attachment styles that are a type of working model that explains certain behaviors that are developed at infancy and childhood. An infant requires two basic attitudes during their earliest interactions

What Is Metamorphosis Or Transformation - 2664 Words

CHAPTER 1: What is metamorphosis or transformation? First of all we should understand what metamorphosis means – a change of the form or nature of a thing or person into a completely different one. One can just simply call it change or transformation. One can undergo different types of transformations i.e. a person can undergo physical/biological transformation, or psychological transformation, or behavioural transformation, or cultural transformation, or spiritual transformation, or some other transformations Each of the transformations may be regarded as a positive change or a negative change like in the case of physical or biological transformation a caterpillar metamorphosing into a butterfly can be regarded as a positive transformation as it shows a type of evolution in front of our very eyes plus butterfly are considered as a beautiful and majestic creature as compared to its caterpillar. On the other hand when a person dies, his body â€Å"returning† to dust can be regarded as a negative transformation or a negative change since a person alive can contribute towards society but not after he dies. An example of positive psychological transformation would be â€Å"a change of heart† as is used by the people to say that a psychological change occurs for something better. Pity, love, kindness are some feelings that are associated with the change of heart. Negative psychological transformation would be slipping into a deep depression. Remorse, hate are the feelings that are stronglyShow MoreRelated‘The Metamorphosis’ and ‘A Hunger Artist’980 Words   |  4 PagesThere are many parallels and differences between Franz Kafka’s â€Å"The Metamorphosis† and A Hunger Artist. Kafka portrays these differences and similarities very effectively through his utilization of elements such as transformation, dehumanization, and dedication to work. Through his works, Kafka communicates with the reader in such a way that almost provokes and challenges one’s imagination and creativity. Kafka is known for his highly symbolic and oblique style of writing. It is no surpriseRead MoreThe Symbolic Nature of Sacrifice and Transformation in Kafka’s The Metamorphosis1096 Words   |  5 Pagesof an Allegory,† by Edwin Honig and â€Å"Franz Kafka’s ‘Metamorphosis’ as Death and Resurrection Fantasy,† by Peter Dow Webster illuminate how sacrifice and transformation are a vital part of the deeper meaning of The Metamorphosis. Gregor Samsa is an ordinary young man until he wakes up one day as a giant vermin; metamorphosised into something horrendous and reviled by the world. Through Honig’s and Webster’s critical essays, this transformation, as well as many more, and sacrifice made by all involvedRead MoreThe Metamorphosis By Franz Kafka1380 Words   |  6 PagesEssay: â€Å"I cannot make anyone understand what is happening inside me. I cannot even explain it to myself†: A Psychoanalysis reading of â€Å"The Metamorp hosis† by Kafka The Metamorphosis is known to be one of Franz Kafka’s best works of literature. It demonstrates the interconnection between his personal life and the protagonist, Gregor Samsa, of â€Å"The Metamorphosis.† Franz Kafka was born in 1883 and grew up in a financially stable Jewish family in Prague. He was the only son left after the death of hisRead More Kafka’s The Metamorphosis Essay1266 Words   |  6 PagesKafka’s The Metamorphosis In Franz Kafka’s novella, The Metamorphosis, the travelling salesman Gregor Samsa wakes up one morning, in his family’s home, to find â€Å"himself changed in his bed into a monstrous vermin† (Kafka 3). While this immediate physical change, supported by ensuing physical imagery, suggests that the â€Å"metamorphosis† introduced in the title is purely physical, other interpretations are also possible. When the reader relies upon the extended and embedded metaphors present in thisRead MoreThe Metamorphosis Franz Kafka s Metamorphosis1663 Words   |  7 PagesIn The Metamorphosis Franz Kafka tells the story of a young man named Gregor who observes the radical changes in his life after transforming into an insect. Gregor’s life was centered on his job as a traveling salesperson and his family. One morning Gregor woke up transformed into an insect. Afraid of the transformation Gregor stays in his room and ignores calls from his family. When Gregor real ized that his new body did not allow him to have a normal life, he tried to adapt. After his metamorphosisRead MoreGregor and Grete’s Transformation in The Metamorphosis by Franz Kafka988 Words   |  4 PagesFranz Kafka wrote the short story Metamorphosis in 1912. No one can truly know what he aimed to accomplish with the story, but it is thought he wrote it to demonstrate the absurdity of life. The story is written with a very simplistic undertone, ignoring how completely ludicrous the situation that Gregor Samsa and his family are in. Metamorphosis is most often thought of in the scientific meaning of the word, which according to dictionary.com is a profound change in form from one stage to the nextRead MoreFranz Kafka s The Metamorphosis1318 Words   |  6 PagesFranz Kafka’s twentieth-century classic, The Metamorphosis, shows the changes of the Samsa family after their son, Gregor, turns into a vile insect. Even though Gregor has turned into the most disgusting of creatures, this â€Å"metamorphosis† is ironic compared to the transformation that his family endures. While Gregor still sustains his humanity, the lack of any compassion and mercy from his family, is what makes them the disgusting creatures rather than Gregor. The changes of Gregor’s father, motherRead MoreMetamorphosis Analysis1142 Words   |  5 PagesFranz Kafka’s â€Å"The Metamorphosis† is about the dehumanization of a man named Gregor, when he wastes his life monotonously repeating the same task every day to support his uncaring family. The lack of purpose in his life is an example of absurdist fiction, a genre of fictional narrative that uses satire and irrationality to explore the human experience of meaninglessness. Furthermore, â€Å"The Metamorphosis† uses aspects of magical realism, such as transformation of common, distortion of time and lossRead MoreIn Franz Kafka’S â€Å"The Metamorphosis† Gregor Samsa Dreads1576 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"The Metamorphosis† Gregor Samsa dreads his daily grinding of working as a traveling salesman in order to provide for his family. Gregor endures the burden of carrying the financial responsibility of taking care of his family. While his family enjoys the fruit of his labors and live comfortably because of him. Gregor is not allowed to live for himself, this suppresses him into a shell. The family’s lack of appreciation for Gregor leads to his physical change which is his first metamorphosis. ThisRead MoreThe Metamorphosis By Franz Kafka867 Words   |  4 Pagesincluding rapid growth spurts. Metamorphosis is a biological process by which an animal physically develop after birth or hatching. Involving a conspicuous and relatively abrupt changes in the animal’s body structure through cell growth and differentiation. The author Franz Kafka, who relatively wrote little in his short life and who published less has been enormously influentia l on later writers. He is considered an export of German expressionism. The metamorphosis is Kafka’s longest story and one

Staying Informed Old News Free Essays

There was a time when news information was disseminated by a select few who had access to the relevant reports, files, and statistics.   When this was the case, the world gathered around a radio, shared a newspaper, or turned on the television—one that had fewer than ten channels).   This â€Å"news† was often like a leftover meal in terms of value: by the time it was released, the world had moved forward, and something new was hot. We will write a custom essay sample on Staying Informed: Old News or any similar topic only for you Order Now Progress was made, and television news programs began to delve deeper into stories; reporters suddenly began delivering â€Å"breaking† news reports, and the information was at least lukewarm when the public got its hands it.   It was the era of reporters like Paul Harvey who took what the world knew, dug more deeply, and presented â€Å"the rest of the story† (Radio Legend Paul Harvey Biography, 2003). Today, a cell phone can alert its owner of breaking news stories from around the world; reporters deliver broadcasts live from battlefields; and the internet has made it possible to receive information almost instantly.   Most consumers now get their news online, via one of hundreds of television channels, or through a variety of print media.   Unfortunately, the days of print media and even local reporting seem to be dying, and while their loss may not even create a ripple, what they have to offer the consumer is irreplaceable. It is true that the average printed report cannot provide the live-action, emotionally packed footage of a series of photographs or a streaming video, but words do matter, and while one’s brain struggles to capture the intricacies of backgrounds, sounds, and images that flash in front of the eyes in photographs and videos, the thought-process of the viewer is overwhelmed by the visual imagery. MSNBC online featured a written report and a series of videos and slide shows on October 16, 2006 that captured the story surrounding the earthquake in Hawaii the previous day. When compared, the headline video and headline print report reveal some very interesting trends in the ways in which the news is disseminated. The headlining video report â€Å"Powerful Earthquakes Shake Hawaii† is two and one-half minutes long and features a variety of images that show damage to a local woman’s home, the picture of a landslide caught by a photographer, various tourists being inconvenienced, file footage of volcanic eruption, the Hawaiian coastline, people buying gas, and shoppers at a grocery store. These pictures are accompanied by interview sound bites or voiced-over by reporter Howard Dashefsky, but the entire report is devoid of real information.   What might one expect as the aftermath of an earthquake on a populated island that is also a tourist attraction?   If I had guessed at the â€Å"aftermath,† I would have imagined almost everything I saw in Dashefsky’s report.   Although the images were fascinating and even engaging at times, I left the report with virtually no residual caring and no remnant thoughts: nothing of value had been added to my brain. The headline print report begins with â€Å"officials fanned out across Hawaii early Monday to inspect bridges and roads following the strongest earthquake to rattle the islands in more than two decades, a 6.6-magnitude quake that caused blackouts and landslides, but no immediate reports of fatalities† (Associated Press).   In the opening paragraph of the print report, I found out what happened; I felt sorrow and relief; and I was driven to consider the after-effects of the earthquake in ways not even broached by the video report.   It took me less than one minute to read the print report, but in that minute I learned about what had happened, where it had happened, that no tsunami was expected, what was being done, what would be done—the list is almost endless. Those who watch the video report will stand around water coolers discussing benign elements of the event.   The will recall the semi-ravaged home of one resident and the fight to get gas and groceries; moreover, they will congratulate themselves on not having wasted their own money on a spoiled Hawaiian vacation.   This is the kind of thinking that is being fostered in the United States: superficial, image-based, self-centered, and desensitized. Those who take (less) time to actually read about the earthquake will stand around the water cooler discussing factual details.   They will likely be amazed by the good fortune of such a historically large earthquake resulting in no fatalities; they will wonder if the roads and bridges where they live would be damaged after such an event; they may ponder how long the state of disaster will remain in effect; they will think about how happy they are not to be there on vacation, but it will most likely not be the first thing on which they comment.   This is the kind of thinker that is in danger of dying in the United States: one who craves facts and the chance to critique them while expanding his/her knowledge base. The ability to receive immediate information is a boon to the news consumer; however, the availability of instant images, facts, and reports must be combined with words that are as stimulating, powerful, and informative as the visual clues—or a numbing of the mind and the senses is bound to occur.   Reports that are piping hot can be delivered to the public as a combination of the best of what can be seen, what can be heard, and what can be read.   Like a dinner filled with the necessary food groups, communication needs to combine its sources and resources for the most palatable and healthiest results. References Associated Press, The.   (October 16, 2006).   Hawaii checks bridges, roads after quake: Landslides and power outages but no reports of deaths.   MSNBC.   Retrieved October 16, 2006, from http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/15286294/. Dashefsky, H.   (October 16, 2006).   Powerful earthquakes shake Hawaii.   MSNBC Video.   Retrieved October 16, 2006, from http://video.msn.com. Radio Legend Paul Harvey Biography.   (2003).   Paul Harvey: The Voice of the New Millennium.   paulharvey.com: ABC Radio Networks.   Retrieved October 16, 2006, from http://www.paulharvey.com/bio.shtml. How to cite Staying Informed: Old News, Essay examples

Organ Donation free essay sample

This is a summary of information about organ donation found in the extracts of articles by Boyle (2006) and Wilkinson (2008). It is an overview of facts and opinions of people who support and who oppose organ donation. Boyle (2006) outlines firstly, on her article the positive side of organ donation. She tells that you can always find a life saving experience out of thousands of people because an organ was donated. She says that people take these experiences as a very strong reason to donate. Many people on the other hand that opposes organ donation have their fears and concerns. They do not want to donate organs to those people whose organs have weakened because of unhealthy lifestyle. This is the reason presented by Boyle (2006). In relation to this, Wilkinson (2008) presented the concerns of a physician named Jim Tibbalis who talks about the issues if people fully understand the circumstances when they want to donate an organ and the diagnosis of death prior to organ donation. According to  The Mayo Clinic  (2010),  Organ and tissue donation doesnt interfere with having an open-casket funeral. The donors body is clothed for burial, so there are no visible signs of organ or tissue donation. For bone donation, a rod is inserted where bone is removed.With skin donation, a very thin layer of skin similar to a sunburn peel is taken from the donors back. Because the donor is clothed and lying on his or her back in the casket, no one can see any difference. † Another big concern people give for their reason not to donate is that the hospital will not give them or their family member proper care because the doctor’s know the individual is a donor and will just stop treatment so the organs can be harvested for transplantation. This is completely false. The decision to donate does not affect the care the patient will receive.Most often the question of organ donation is not even an issue until every possible option to save a patient has been exhausted. Donation is not even discussed until after a person dies, or has been put on life support and tests show that there is nothing that can be done to save the individual. Whether it is fear of having their organs taken out, disfigurement, or religious beliefs, there are so many people who refuse to allow their family members organs and tissues to be donated when they pass. Donation however, is so important.Organ donation gives another person the gift of life. Some patients will die without transplantation, so by choosing to donate lifesaving organs and tissue, or choosing to donate a family member’s organs or tissues, this donation is one of the greatest gifts an individual can give, life. Organ Donation is a very sensitive subject; there are so few people who have chosen to donate. In the tragic event of a loved one’s death, donation can help someone else to live, and many believe that with donation this tragedy can turn into a miracle by saving someone else.Individuals who decide to donate their organs need to make sure their wishes are clear to their family and friends, this way the individuals wishes are followed through. After reviewing the facts presented, one can see that choosing to donate ones organs in the case of unexpected death can make a big difference, and not just to one person but several. By making the decision to donate ones organs after they die, one can save or improve as many as 50 lives. Many families that decide to donate a loved one’s organs say that knowing the donation of their loved one’s organs helped save other lives, helped them cope with their loss.

Courtroom Trial (prosecution) For Night By Elie Wiesel. Essays

Courtroom trial (prosecution) for Night by Elie Wiesel. NIGHT PROJECT (3/15/96) * Opening Statement: Ladies and gentleman of the jury, the prosecution team is representing the state of Israel against Mr. Idek. He was a kapo ( a Jew forced to be in charge of other Jews ). He was also in charge of the warehouse for electrical equipment. Mr. Idek has been charged with cruelty to the human race and the murder of a myriad Jews at the nazi concentration camp of Buna. We are here today to prove this man's guilt in his heinous crimes against humanity beyond a shadow of a doubt. The prosecution will provide evidence of Mr. Idek beating the Jews he was in charge of just because he happened to be in a bad mood. We will also prove that Mr. Idek took advantage of and sexually harassed multiple women while in charge of the prisoners at the concentration camp. In conclusion the prosecution would ask the jury to listen to all facts and witness presented throughout this case and to come up with the only true verdict that humanity can deliver, guilty. * Questioning: (Pro - The prosecution team) (Eliezer - Elie Wiesel) (Mr. Wiesel - Eliezer's Father) (Idek - Mr. Idek) (Juliek - A violinist at the camp) (Judge - His honorable Yitzach Herschel) Eliezer Pro - Eliezer do you see the kapo that was in charge of you at the concentration camp? Eliezer - yes there ( Eliezer points to Idek ). Pro - Eliezer, when were you introduced to Idek? Eliezer - When we reached Buna, the kapos randomly chose us. Pro - What was your first "bad" impression of Idek? Eliezer - When Juliek told us to stay away from him when he had his "bouts of madness". Pro - Did you ever see Idek beat or abuse any of the prisoners? Eliezer - Yes many times, however, two of the most prominent occasions were when he beat my father and I. The first one he beat my father for not working fast enough to suit him atthe time. The second one was when he beat me for simply getting into his way. Pro - Did you ever see Mr. Idek engage in any sexual or rape of any young women at the camp while you were under his charge? Eliezer - Yes, I once walked in on him and a young girl I assume was polish (since the camp had just gotten a trainload of polish Jews). Idek caught me and said, "You wait and see kid . . . . You'll soon find out what leaving your work's going to cost you . . . . You're going to pay for this pretty soon . . . . and now, go back to your place." Pro - Did he ever carry out his threat? Eliezer - Yes, Later during roll call Idek called out, "A-7713!" I stepped forward and he ordered me to lay down on a box he had brought out. I did as I was told and then Idek proceeded to whip me I counted 25 lashes of the whip before I lost conciseness. Pro - Thank -you for your testimony Eliezer. Mr. Wiesel Pro - Mr. Wiesel do you see the kapo that was in charge of you at Buna? Mr. Wiesel - Yes, he's over there ( He points at Idek ) Pro - Were you treated any different because of your older age? Mr. Wiesel - Yes, Idek seemed to take a specific dislike towards me because I was older than most of the men that were in his charge. Pro - Thanks - you for your testimony Mr. Wiesel. Juliek Pro - Juliek do you see the kapo that was in charge of you at Buna? Juliek - Yes, he's over there ( He points at Idek ) Pro - Why were you in the orchestra block? Juliek - I was there because I am a violinist. Pro - Did you ever warn Eliezer and his father of Idek? Juliek - Yes Pro - Why? Juliek - I warned them because Idek had a split personality, he could be in a normal mood and only yell and scream at us or he could get into one of his "maddened fits" and start beating up anyone that even looked at him wrong. Also he was in one of his

What are the conditions that must be met for an economy to make the transition form being a planned to a market economy essays

What are the conditions that must be met for an economy to make the transition form being a planned to a market economy essays World market economies are comprised of two different types of markets. Those markets are free market economy and planned market economy. Free market economy is an economic system which resolves the basic economic problem through the market mechanism. Planned market economy is an economic system where the government, through a planning process allocates resources in society. Countries such as Russia and China whose markets are based on planned economy, have being experiencing problems such as the incentive offered buy the profit motive maybe replaced by personal ambition or a political ideal, and people have little to say in what is provided directly by the state and the purchasing shops is likely to be limited.(cato.org/pubs/joural/cj16n2-3.html). Therefore they have decided to change to a market economic system from a planned economic system. There are several conditions that have to be met to make a transition from a planned to a market economy. Those conditions are stabilisation privatisation and price liberalisation. The first of the conditions for transition to a market economy is stabilisation. Stabilisation requires a flexible, functioning product and hard working labour markets to be able to have a successful transition. If the operation for the state enterprises are being subsidise by the government or there have been loan taking from national banks as happens in planned economies, from neither the enterprise nor the workers will have an incentive to decrease the wage or employees from the effect of the aggregate demand. Aggregate demand is the total of all demands or expenditures in the economy at any given price. Aggregate demands will fall if the consumption , investment, government spending or net exports decrease on the a constant level will lead to a fall. As in the diagram below shows how the aggregate demand curve is shifted to left from the effect it happens. The failure of the transition process i...

Response Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 13

Response - Essay Example It does not associate the art directly with the female gender except where it mentions that it’s the domain of women (Ingolo 25) which is explicitly done in the other two writings. The creation of femininity uses imagery to bring about the struggles of women. It uses embroidery; an art associated with women to point out issues in the women’s lives. It explores the existence of gender roles deeply engraved in the society. This is a mentality fostered right from the family level when one is growing up until adulthood (Parker 3). There seems to be a struggle amid the men who are so keen to maintain the status quo and the women who are out to assert their rightful position in the society (Parker 2). Speaking through Cloth: Teaching Hmong History and Culture through Textile Art by McCall also looks at the oppression of women. The art work produced by women in their culture portrays their lives, struggles, and the plight to the world (McCall 235). We can see the unfair treatm ent of women through exploitation of their work by getting half the price their work fetches. We also get to see how the boys are favored to acquire education while the girls are supposed to remain at home to engage in embroidery work (McCall 231). It is evident that the embroidery is a complex form of art. Women try to assert their place in society by creating pieces of art that speak volumes about the need to be recognized. The struggle seems far from over, but they are determined to keep on despite the numerous hurdles placed on their way by a male dominated

Strategic Management Unit 4 DB SA Final Week Essay

Strategic Management Unit 4 DB SA Final Week - Essay Example These laws are not different to those in the US because eventually, it is all about environmental conservation and the end goal is to protect our surroundings. Environmentally, the numerous vehicles produced by the firm poses a great danger to the environment because once in the roads, the vehicle produce emissions in gasses form to the surrounding causing air pollution. These deplete the environment through acid rains and ozone layer destruction. The commitment made by General Motors Company to conserve the environment through waste and pollutants reduction, recycling, conservation and educating the public on way to support environmental conservation is a great move (KPMG, 2010). Despite that decision by the US government to increase fuel efficiency and reduce vehicle emissions, GM is still surviving well because this move only led to demand of vehicles that have less environmental effects. The aim of the government to reduce air pollution was achieved by the move. Despite the controversial nature of the bailout in 2008, it promoted the advancement of the auto industry through development of energy-efficient vehicles. Critically, these problems are used as spark agents that ignite a change in the process of offering solutions. KPMG. (2010). The transformation of the automotive industry: the environmental regulation effect. https://www.kpmg.com/US/en/IssuesAndInsights/ArticlesPublications/Documents/transformation-automotive-industry.pdf . Internet

Wholesalers in the business world Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Wholesalers in the business world - Essay Example But they have certainly been around for centuries. The role they have played depended largely on the merchandise or service they represented. â€Å"Wholesaling includes all activities involved in selling goods or services to those who buy for resale or business use (Kotler 532)†. There are three main differences between wholesalers and retailers. Wholesalers are not concerned about the location of their establishment, the ambience or about promotion, because their customers are resellers and not the final consumer. The transactions of wholesalers are usually bigger than retail transactions, and they cover a much larger geographic area. Even governments treat wholesalers differently, in that the tax and legal parameters concerning them are different from those for retailers. As we will see later in this paper, there are different types of wholesalers, providing a variety of services. Some wholesalers provide selling and promoting services. These services complement the functions of manufacturers who cannot attend to these functions themselves for whatever reasons. Sometimes manufacturers are compelled to use these services of wholesalers, as local customers are more prepared to trust a local wholesaler, than some far away manufacturer. Wholesalers offer their customers a wider choice. By representing many manufacturers, they are able to offer customers the wares of all the entities they represent. Sometimes wholesalers buy in bulk, and offer their customer smaller units of a product – quantities that customers cannot buy - by approaching manufacturers directly. Wholesalers also offer inventory holding services and transportation. Wholesalers sometimes render financing services by offering credit terms to their customers. They also assist their customers by providing them market intelligence. In addition, they counsel their customers on such topics as inventory management, operational excellence and store layout and displays. There are

A History and Overview of Translation Techniques

A History and Overview of Translation Techniques The art of translation reaches the times of antiquity, therefore is nearly as old as the introduction of writing, since every written text enhanced the need to distributing it to other nationalities. First writings, however, were written mainly in Latin or Greek and introduced to educated people. The lower classes, perceived as simple and uneducated, were neglected as far as writing and reading was concerned. The major twist in the field of translation studies emerged due to the outbreak of the First and the Second World War. People, especially connected with army and government, were interested in knowing enemies plans. Some schools devoted to translation were established in order to train soldiers in understanding foreign languages, both written and spoken. However, the need for translating enemy texts lasted till the invention of coded messages. Decrypted texts had nothing in common with proper texts written in a particular language. Over the last three decades serious attempts were made to create a translation theory which would have included all answers connected with the human language. As Korzeniowska and Kuhiwczak (2006:28) have stated all of the previous translation theories were based chiefly on structuralist linguistics. The aim of the theories was not to present detailed description of the translation phenomena but to provide scholars with sentence structure rules. The 1970s and early 80s brought a breakthrough in understanding the language universals, which in turn influenced perceiving translation as a tool helpful in understanding language. These major changes occurred due to the work of Wilhelm von Humboldt and the introduction of the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis. Refreshing for the understanding of the language though it was, Sapirs famous statement, quoted in Korzeniowska and Kuhiwczak (ibid), no two languages are ever sufficiently similar to be considered as representing the same social reality gave str aightforward answer that the translated text (i.e. target text; henceforth: TT) will on no account match with the source text (henceforth: ST). Sapirs statement led to neglecting translation and, simultaneously, to raising scholars interest in linguistic studies. Changes which occurred in the past thirty years had cast away translation from the academic discourse. However, nowadays one can observe growing interest in the art of rendering texts as well as the thorough investigations in the multiple translation theories in order to provide both teachers and students with one comprehensible theory. Translation theory As has been mentioned in the previous sub-chapter, scholars devoted to the field of translation studies have failed to establish a single and the most accurate definition of the translation theory. The reason for this is that a great number of the academic teachers are still engrossed with the linguistic approach towards translation theory. Majority of them still claim that translation is and will be an inevitable part of linguistic studies. Therefore, all aspects concerning translation theory are examined by means of linguistic theories. Those theories aim to create a view that the translation theory is an integral part of linguistics and must be used in accordance with linguistic rules and theories. The multiplicity of theories that are associated with translation were conceived on the basis of the human language studies. Bell (1991:4) points out that there are supporters of the view that translation should be perceived as a part of linguistic studies. Surprising as it may seem, th ere are also those who claim that translation should not be connected with language studies but, above all, with an art of taking the meaning from ST and converting it so as not to loose the main message. The choice of wheather one should perceive translation as an art or a science is dictated mainly by personal preferences. According to Bell (ibid) the theory is supposed to answer the question why?, which in turn is an explanation to the subject-matter under focus. Bell (ibid) presents three aspects which may be considered as separate translation theories or as logically-connected components to establish one logical theory. These include: A theory of translation as a process the theory of rendering a text A theory of translation as a product the theory of a rendered text A theory of translation as both process and product the theory of rendering and rendered text The linguistic approach towards translation theory suggests only a description of the phenomena. On the basis of it one can only find the answer to the question what?. Korzeniowska and Kuhiwczak (2006:26) support Bells statement suggesting division of the theories into two categories: a category that aim to describe the phenomenon or category set to prescribe some restrictions and rules which are meant to be obeyed. Savory (1957:49) enumerates at least twelve rules for a translator to follow in order to render a text in a proper manner. The rules are as follows: A translation must give the words of the original. A translation must give the ideas of the original. A translation should read like an original work. A translation should read like a translation. A translation should reflect the style of the original. A translation should posses the style of the translator. A translation should read as a contemporary of the original. A translation should read as a contemporary of the translator. A translation may add to or omit from the original. A translation may never add to or omit from the original. A translation of verse should be in prose. A translation of verse should be in verse. The above mentioned rules are but a small fraction of rules that professional translators are supposed to follow in order to fulfill the requirements of the target audience. It may be concluded that it depends on the personal preferences of the translators to coin their own theory which corresponds to their work as professionals. This will eventually lead to the multiplication of translation theories. Unfortunately it is the only possible solution, since there is a lack of one which is comprehensible and covers all the aspects of translation phenomena. 1.3. The definition of translation Trask (1997:299) states that translation is either the process of rendering the Source Language (henceforth: SL) into the Target Language (henceforth: TL) or the tangible outcome of this process. What is more, Trask (ibid) fails to provide a division between spoken and written translation. He, therefore, puts spoken and written rendition into the same category, which is translation. Tomaszkiewicz (2006:101) however, disagrees with Trasks view on the subject of translation definition. She draws the attention to the division into oral and written translation. She states that rendering texts by means of writing should be referred to as translation (Fr. Traduction), whereas oral rendition of a speech is to be called interpretation. Similarly to the translation theory, the definition of translation has caused different people from different spheres of study to coin their own definitions of translation phenomena. There appeared not only strictly scholarly definitions but more emotional, as well. Bassnett (1991:13) defines translation as a tool assembled to (à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦) transfer meaning contained in one set of language signs into another set of language signs through competent use of dictionary and grammar, (à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦) involving a whole set of extra-linguistic criteria(à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦). Newmark (1982:7) states that every attempt to translate a text from one language to another causes some minor losses and modifications in the translated text. A more emotional definition of translation is presented by Margarita Brandes, quoted after Korzeniowska and Kuhiwczak (2006:25). She states that there are some (à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦) spiritual and practical (à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦) elements involved in the process of translati on. Additionally, she relates translation to communication, making it an integral part of social relationships. She advocates that the process of translation must be associated with reproductive and secondary activity. Catford, quoted after Korzeniowska and Kuhiwczak (2006:25), presents a contrary view on the definition of translation. His own definition disagrees with the previous definitions since it suggest that the translation must under no circumstances transfer the meaning of the SL into the TL. He emphasizes the need to differentiate transfer from substitution. The former should be perceived as an integral part of translation. With so many definitions of translation it is very difficult to choose the most appropriate one for the future professionals. This problem must be dealt with by individuals, since not all translators share the same view on this subject. The best definition is the one that matches with translators knowledge and skills. 1.4. Translation or interpreting? Apart from different types of translation, the notion of rendering texts from one language to another can be divided into two distinct subgroups. These are, translation and interpreting. 1.4.1. Translation The main aim of this sub-chapter is to briefly examine both of the subgroups. Let us first focus on the translation phenomena. It has been stated in previous sub-chapters that translation should be mainly associated with written rendition of a text. HrehovÄ ik (2006:23) draws ones attention to the fact that there are some authors who believe that the term translation (à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦) is an overall category which encompasses both oral and written forms of mediated bilingual communication (à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦). He himself supports Tomaszkiewiczs view that only a written text translated into a written text in another language should be referred to as the translation. Tomaszkiewicz (2006:101) emphasizes the fact that translation is not a productive activity per se but merely a reproductive one. She maintain that a translator is not the author of the text for his task is to grasp the main message conveyed in a ST and to reformulate it by means of stylistic devices present in a TT so as to match with the original text. Great stress is put on the notions of equivalence and faithfulness as far as translating or interpreting. The notion of equivalence may be particularly ascribed to the translation and translator since it requires a vast knowledge in the field of lexical items. In this connection one should bear in mind that written rendition of a text must be as faithful as possible. When translating a written text the translator has some time to process his thoughts and ideas, whereas interpretation requires quick thinking and lack of hesitation. 1.4.2. Interpreting The notion of interpreting deals with the conversion of spoken language from one into another. When dealing with interpretation, there emerges the problem of bits of information to be received, processed, converted and distributed so that the message is not altered at any level. HrehovÄ ik (2006:24) points out that even though translation and interpreting are language-related they involve the use of different spheres of human brain. He, thus, maintains that people who are considered capable of thinking fast would find interpreting as a better way of rendering texts. Analogically, people considered as detail-oriented and devoted to scholarly activities would prefer translation, since it enables them to refer to a number of dictionaries or other reference books. Moreover, translation is mainly done in isolation when there is a time to rethink some problems before making a final decision. Interpreting is a tool for people who are not afraid of working under pressure, both time an d surrounding. There is no time for an interpreter to refer to any sources because thinking may lead to loosing the main idea of the utterance delivered by a person. The high range of vocabulary as well as grammatical structures is of the utmost importance in order to fulfill the task of rendering spoken text orally. Contrary to translation, interpreting can be categorized into at least eleven types. HrehovÄ ik (2006) lists those types accordingly to their importance, though he maintains that simultaneous, consecutive and whispering interpretations are the major ones. An attempt will be made to briefly discuss all types of interpreting. Suggested types are as follows: Simultaneous interpretation, considered as the most important can be best described as a real-time interpreting. The interpreters task is to listen to the speakers utterance and while listening the interpreter is supposed to provide the audience with the rendered speech. There is no time for the person involved to hesitate for even a single moment since it may cause that she will be at a loss. There is a possibility that the speaker may be in a different room, therefore it is required that the interpreter be a fast-thinking and decisive. Consecutive interpretation, considered a second important type of interpreting which differs from simultaneous interpreting in such a way that the speaker delivers the speech in fragments, they can be either sentences or paragraphs. The interpreter has to grasp the main idea of the passage, convert and deliver it to the audience. The speaker waits for the interpreter to finish. She then continues with another passage. It is advisable that the speaker should make a pause every 1-5 minutes so as not to overload the interpreter with the data. Interpreters are advised to develop their own way of making notes during the speakers presentation. It is done mainly by some symbols so as not to waste time for noting the entire speech. As HrehovÄ ik (2006:25) believes, (à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦)the output is more idiomatic and less source-language bound. Whispering is a third type of interpreting. It corresponds, to some extent, with the simultaneous interpreting. The major difference between these two types is that whispering requires sitting close to the speaker and listener. The conversion of an utterance is done by means of listening to the speech and subsequently whispering already rendered text to the listeners ear. The need of using whispering is best performed during short meetings when there is the lack of specialized equipment to carry out simultaneous or consecutive interpreting. The following types of interpreting are chiefly connected with conference interpreting. Relay is a type of interpreting which involves the use of the third language. The interpreters task is to connect with a language booth that covers a language used by the speakers. It happens when the interpreter does not cover the language used by the speakers. She may connect with other interpreter, who covers the language in question, via audio link. There is no loss of the interpreted text because of the rapid connection between booths. Pivot takes place when the language used by the speakers is less widespread. Interpreters who do not cover this particular language connect with those who cover and relay from them. The basic idea of a pivot is the ability to distribute a speech even though the audience and some of the interpreters do not cover the language. As can be observed there occurs a mixture of two types of interpreting. One might state that they complement each other. Cheval (Fr. horse) is a very difficult type of interpreting since it requires a mastery of two languages on equal levels. Cheval is a person who is asked to interpret between two booths in two different languages. She must be able to shift between languages when there is a need. The idea of employing chevals aims to reduce the costs because it requires only one interpreter for two separate presentations. Due to the development in the sphere of communication technologies such types of interpreting have recently been conceived: Teleconferencing may simply be defined as a form of communication by means of audio stream even if the people involved are in different cities, countries or even continents. This type of interpreting enables all people to listen to the speech. Audioconferencing this type of interpreting is based only on audio signal. There is no possibility to see the participants. Videoconferencing requires the use of a video stream. It is vital that this type of conferencing require audio stream as well. This term comprises three separate types. They are: Videophony includes a mixture of a speakers image with a telephone call Whiteboarding can be either the electronic exchange or the ability to edit documents on a number of computers Desktop videoconferencing images delivered via PC camera; may as well include whiteboarding Studio or room videoconferencing requires at least two, though more are possible, studios that are linked together by means of audio and video streams. The use of more than two languages leads to creating so called multilingual conferencing. Sight translation is performed when an interpreter is given a text with some information in it and his task is to convert the text and deliver the content orally in a TL. These texts are mainly memos distributed at meetings and are to be rendered at a moments notice. Although there is a great number of interpreting types, one should not be deceived that interpretation is more acknowledged than translation. Both types are equally perceived as vital in communicating between nationalities. Translation as well as interpretation have both its supporters and people with opposite views. The skills that are required are basically the same. The only difference, apart from the written or spoken form, is the individual predisposition of a person to render a text in a way she is able to. 1.5. Types of translation Similarly to the types of interpreting, translation as well includes a number of subtypes. There are, of course, spheres of life which impose the translator to choose the most appropriate one. The most popular is, beyond any doubt, the sphere of commerce due to its rapid development. Korzeniowska and Kuhiwczak (2006) suggest also: the tourist trade, science, arts or even catering; as the most popular nowadays. However, the spheres that require a comprehensible translation are not going to be dealt with in this chapter. It is hoped that the following examples of types of translation will be thoroughly scrutinized. HrehovÄ ik (2006), provides a list of nine types of translation which find their applicability in every day translating. The list includes: Word for word translation the main goal of this type of translation is to render a text in such a way that the TT words match as close as it is possible with their counterparts in ST. Another characteristic feature of this type is that words connected with culture are rendered literally. Literal translation here, emphasis is put on finding grammatical equivalents in TT so as to convert the text from ST. The lexical correspondents are of minor importance. Moreover, they are very often out of context. Faithful translation it may be considered as the most desirable type of translation since it attempts to render a SL text so that it is comparable with a TL. All language deviations are transferred from one language into another. Semantic translation contrary to faithful translation, semantic one seeks not only faithfulness but also the aesthetic aspects of language. Not even the slightest language deviation is allowed. Communicative translation it aims at converting a text in such a way that the (à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦) exact contextual meaning of the original (à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦) is preserved and the text itself contains comprehensible and acceptable language and content. Idiomatic translation this translation type encompasses both the appropriate grammar structures and well-chosen lexical items. If a text should be translated by means of idiomatic translation, it would definitely sound like original one. Free translation the basic goal of this rendition is to convey the meaning without paying closer attention to the choice of words or grammatical structures. Some scholars advocate that the translated text is usually much longer than the original writing. Adaptation used mainly for poetry and plays, this translation type is considered to be free of rules and restrictions. The freedom of interpreting a text in whatever way the translator desires is referred to as unduly free. In addition, adaptation serves very often to invoke humor by changing, for instance, historical facts or characters name. Screen translation the most common type of translation nowadays. It includes providing subtitles for films and dubbing original voices in a film with native ones. Subtitling is done even by inexperienced people who are not trained translators but merely gained some knowledge connected with foreign languages. In some cases they are able to create a flawless translations but very often their versions are feeble and full of mistakes. Dubbing, on the other hand, is done by professionals and simply read by actors assigned to a particular character. The multiplicity of translation types gives a wide range of possibilities. However, one should bear in mind that mastering a particular type is not enough to convert a text. Other vital skills are required as well. They may be ascribed to various roles that a translator must choose in order to maintain the originality and faithfulness of the translated text. The roles of a translator will be examined in the next sub-chapter.

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Leadership and Motiviation 1. Introduction and Definition 2. Leadership Types a. Natural born leader b. Developed leader 3. Leadership Models a. Traditional b. Non-traditional 4. Leadership Traits a. Make people feel important b. Promote your vision c. Treat others as you want to be treated d. Take responsibility for your actions 5. Motivational Theories a. Classical Theory and Scientific Management b. Behavior theory c. Contemporary Motivational Theories *************************************************************** INTRODUCTION Effective leadership is the process of motivating others to meet specific objectives. We will look at a few areas of leadership and motivation. LEADERSHIP TYPES Few business leaders get to be highly recognized names in the world at large or even the broadest business communities like the team of William Hewlett and David Packard. In 1938 they pooled $538 to found their namesake Hewlett-Packard in a rented garage. Hewlett focused his energy on leading the technology side of the now $31 billion high tech leader. Packard wrestled with managing the day to day operation and died at the age of 83. Many believe that David Packard's chief legacy may be his management style. His employees awarded him a M.B.W.A. Degree---"Master By Walking Around" for the legwork expanded in his belief that upper management should remain close to workers. The "HP way" also strives to maintain a small company atmosphere even as the work force expanded to 100,000. Employees were allowed freedom, and Internal competition was encouraged, while working toward a shared objective. Packard's commitment to employees was also legendary. In 1990 he came out of semi-retirement to help manage a sweeping corporate overhaul that successfully averted the job losses that subsequently hit many other High tech companies. David Packard was truly a leader to admired. A good leader he was. This prompts the question "What is a good leader?" LEADERSHIP MODELS There are many good leaders to choose from. You have military leaders, politicians, CEO's, coaches, athletes, teachers, the list is endless. You may ask what do all people from different walks of life have in common? First lets define what a leader is, a leader is getting things accomplished by acting through others or getting people to perform to their maximum potential. LEADERSHIP TRAITS Now let's identify some common traits of a leader. Leaders are people who set the example and have the courage to take the initiative to dominate the situation. They are decisive ,bold, tactful, and communicate very well. They maintain enthusiasm, commitment, devotion and are knowledgeable of their duties. MOTIVATIONAL THEORIES Workers need more than job satisfaction and morale. They also need motivation. Motivational theories can be classified into three